Most human diseases can be traced to malfunctioning parts of a cell -- a tumor is able to grow because a gene wasn't accurately translated into a particular protein or a metabolic disease arises because mitochondria aren't firing properly, for example. But to understand what parts of a cell can go wrong in a disease, scientists first need to have a complete list of parts. By combining microscopy, biochemistry techniques and artificial intelligence, researchers at University of California San Diego School of Medicine and collaborators have taken what they think may turn out to be a significant leap forward in the understanding of human cells. The technique, known as Multi-Scale Integrated Cell (MuSIC), is described November 24, 2021 in Nature. "If you imagine a cell, you probably picture the colorful diagram in your cell biology textbook, with mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum and nucleus. But is that the whole story? Definitely not," said Trey Ideker, PhD, professor at UC San Diego School of Medicine and Moores Cancer Center.